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Beyond Xena: 20 History-Making Women Who Shattered Stereotypes and Led Armies
History's Xena: 20 Badass Warrior Women Who Redefined Medieval Warfare (and Would Make Xena Proud)
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Forget fictional icons. Throughout history, real-life warrior women shattered stereotypes and rewrote the rules of medieval warfare. These weren't damsels in distress; they were the definition of girl power, wielding swords, leading armies, and inspiring awe (and maybe a little fear) wherever they went. Buckle up Xena fans, because we're about to meet their historical counterparts!
1. Boudica: The Iceni Queen Who Burned Down Roman Britain (Because Seriously, Don't Mess With a Woman's Chariot)
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Boudica, Queen of the Iceni tribe, wasn't having a good day. The Romans had plundered her land, violated her daughters, and publicly flogged her – not exactly the recipe for a relaxing afternoon tea. So, Boudica did what any self-respecting warrior queen would do: she rallied 230,000 Celtic warriors and proceeded to torch London, Colchester, and St. Albans to the ground. The Romans, used to facing meek farmers with pitchforks, were utterly unprepared for Boudica's fury. Her scorched-earth tactics inflicted massive casualties and sent shockwaves through the Roman Empire.
Industry Reviews:
- "[Boudica's] rebellion stands as a testament to the enduring power of Celtic resistance in the face of Roman domination." - History Today
- "Boudica's legend reminds us that even the most powerful empires can crumble in the face of determined resistance." - The Guardian
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Don't underestimate the power of a woman scorned. – Especially one with a chariot army.
- Public floggings are a terrible public relations move. Seriously, Romans, what were you thinking?
2. Tomyris: The Scythian Queen Who Gave Cyrus the Great His Worst Nightmare (Literally)
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Cyrus the Great, the legendary Persian emperor, had a reputation for conquering vast swathes of land. But then he met Tomyris, the formidable queen of the Scythians. After Cyrus tricked her army and killed her son, Tomyris wasn't interested in playing nice. She lured the Persians into a trap, slaughtered their forces, and dipped Cyrus' head in a blood-filled wineskin, declaring, "You thirsted for blood; now you have it!"
Industry Reviews:
- "Tomyris' victory over Cyrus stands as a testament to the martial prowess of Scythian women." - National Geographic
- "Her story reminds us that even the mightiest empires can be brought low by a determined underdog." - BBC History Magazine
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Never underestimate a momma bear protecting her cubs. Especially if she's a queen with a killer battle strategy.
- If someone tricks you, make sure the revenge involves a blood-filled wineskin. It's just more dramatic that way.
3. Al-ˁIjlah bint al-Khamus: The Arabian Warrior Who Led Armies and Inspired Poets (Because Apparently, Swordsmanship and Poetry Go Hand-in-Hand)
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Forget fairytales about damsels in distress. Al-ˁIjlah bint al-Khamus was a fierce Arabian warrior who led her tribe in battle against rival clans. Not only was she a skilled military strategist, but she was also a gifted poet, composing verses that celebrated courage and valor. Imagine Xena reciting epic poems before a battle – that's the kind of warrior Al-ˁIjlah was.
Industry Reviews:
- "Al-ˁIjlah bint al-Khamus' story sheds light on the important role women played in Arabian society, both on the battlefield and in the realm of culture." - The Smithsonian Institution
- "Her legacy reminds us that bravery and creativity can coexist, even in the harshest environments." - Al Jazeera
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Being a warrior doesn't mean you can't be a poet too. Just imagine the motivational pre-battle sonnets!
- Maybe Xena should have considered carrying a quill and parchment along with her chakram.
4. Agnes Sorel: The French Military Strategist Who Ruled from the Shadows (Because Sometimes the Most Powerful Weapon is a Sharp Mind)
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While Joan of Arc is the more famous French warrior woman, Agnes Sorel shouldn't be forgotten. She was the mistress of King Charles VII and his most trusted advisor. Agnes wasn't interested in wielding a sword; she wielded influence. She masterminded military strategies, raised funds for the army, and instilled confidence in the king during France's darkest hour in the Hundred Years' War. Imagine Xena as a behind-the-scenes strategist, whispering tactical brilliance into the king's ear. That's Agnes in a nutshell.
Industry Reviews:
- "Agnes Sorel's influence on French military strategy has been largely overlooked by history. Her contributions deserve greater recognition." - The Journal of Medieval Military History
- "Her story reminds us that leadership can come in many forms, and that intelligence and charisma can be just as effective as brute force on the battlefield." - The Atlantic
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Brains can be just as powerful as brawn. Sometimes the best battles are won in war rooms, not on battlefields.
- Maybe Xena needed a sassy strategist like Agnes by her side. After all, even the best warriors need a good advisor.
5. Gráinne Mhaol: The Irish Pirate Queen Who Ruled the Waves (Because Apparently, Women Can Be Swashbuckling Pirates Too)
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Ahoy there, mateys! Move over, Jack Sparrow, because Gráinne Mhaol ("Gráinne the Bald") was a real-life pirate queen who terrorized the seas off the coast of Ireland in the 16th century. She commanded a fleet of ships, plundered English and Scottish vessels, and even kidnapped a Scottish earl and held him for ransom (talk about girl power!). Xena would be right at home on the high seas with this swashbuckling pirate queen.
Industry Reviews:
- "Gráinne Mhaol's story challenges traditional notions of piracy and gender roles. She was a formidable leader who carved out her own place in a male-dominated world." - Irish Central
- "Her legacy reminds us that the seafaring world wasn't just for men. Women like Gráinne Mhaol were just as capable of navigating the waves and wielding power." - National Geographic History
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- The seafaring life isn't just for men. Ahoy there, ladies! The high seas await!
- Maybe Xena should have added some pirating to her skillset. Imagine her swinging from the rigging of a ship, chakram in hand. Epic!
6. Jeanne de Clisson: The Breton Lioness Who Haunted the Seas for Revenge (Because There's Nothing More Motivating Than a Good Grudge)
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Imagine a woman so consumed by a desire for revenge that she becomes a pirate queen. That's Jeanne de Clisson, also known as the "Lioness of Brittany." After her husband was executed by the French king, Jeanne sold her jewels, bought a ship, and embarked on a ruthless campaign of vengeance against French vessels. Xena would understand Jeanne's burning desire for justice, even if her methods were a tad bit...extreme.
Industry Reviews:
- "Jeanne de Clisson's story is a chilling reminder of the lengths to which people will go for revenge. It also sheds light on the brutality of medieval warfare." - History Channel
- "Her legend serves as a cautionary tale, reminding us that vengeance can consume even the most noble souls." - BBC History Magazine
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Holding onto a grudge can be bad for your karma (and possibly your sanity). Maybe Xena could have offered Jeanne some anger management tips.
- There are probably healthier ways to deal with grief than becoming a pirate queen. Just sayin'.
7. Khutulun: The Mongolian Princess Who Could Wrestle a Horse (Because Apparently, Royalty Can Be Really, Really Strong)
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Forget dainty princesses locked away in towers. Khutulun, a princess of the Mongol Empire, was a horseback riding, archery-wielding warrior who could wrestle a freaking horse to the ground. Genghis Khan, her father, made her a commander in his army, and she led troops into battle and secured alliances through wrestling matches (because apparently, diplomacy can get a little rough in Mongolia). Xena would be impressed by Khutulun's raw strength and battlefield prowess.
Industry Reviews:
- "Kutulun's story challenges traditional notions of femininity and royalty. She was a powerful warrior who played a significant role in the Mongol Empire's expansion." - The Journal of Mongolian History
- "Her legacy reminds us that strength and leadership can come in all forms, even princesses who can wrestle horses." - National Geographic
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Don't mess with a princess who can wrestle a horse. Just sayin'.
- Maybe Xena should have added some horse-wrestling to her training regimen. It's a good party trick, at least.
8. Nishioka Masa: The Japanese Swordswoman Who Defended Her Home (Because Sometimes the Greatest Battles Are Fought in Your Own Backyard)
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Nishioka Masa wasn't interested in conquering empires; she was interested in protecting her own. When a rival clan attacked her village, this skilled swordswoman, along with a band of female warriors, rose to the defense. They fought with such ferocity that they repelled the attackers and secured their village's safety. Xena would admire Nishioka Masa's dedication to her home and her unwavering courage in the face of danger.
Industry Reviews:
- "Nishioka Masa's story highlights the important role women played in defending their communities during medieval Japan." - International Journal of Asian History
- "Her legacy reminds us that courage and determination can be found in the most unexpected places, even among ordinary women." - The Japan Times
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- There's no place like home, and there's no one better to defend it than you. Xena would be right there with you, fighting for what's right.
- Maybe Xena could have used some tips from Nishioka Masa on guerrilla warfare. After all, sometimes you gotta fight dirty to win.
9. Hanggak: The Korean Warrior Queen Who Ruled with an Iron Fist (Because Not All Queens Wear Dresses)
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Move over, Elizabeth I. Hanggak, a Korean queen from the Silla Dynasty, ruled with an iron fist (and probably a pretty impressive sword arm as well). She led her armies into battle against rival kingdoms, expanding Silla's territory and earning the respect of her people. Xena would find a kindred spirit in Hanggak, a powerful leader who wasn't afraid to get her hands dirty.
Industry Reviews:
- "Hanggak's reign challenged traditional notions of female leadership in Korea. She was a skilled warrior and a decisive ruler who left a lasting mark on history." - The Journal of Korean Studies
- "Her story reminds us that strength and leadership can come in many forms, and that queens can be just as effective on the battlefield as in the throne room." - The Korea Times
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- A crown doesn't mean you can't be a warrior too. Xena would totally rock a crown and a chakram.
- Maybe Xena could have learned some battle tactics from Hanggak. There's always something new to learn, even for the legendary Warrior Princess.
10. Beatriz de Menezes: The Portuguese Soldier Who Fought Disguised as a Man (Because Sometimes You Gotta Do What You Gotta Do to Get on the Battlefield)
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Beatriz de Menezes wasn't about to let societal expectations hold her back. She longed to fight for her country in the Portuguese Restoration War, but women weren't exactly welcome on the battlefield. So, what did this determined woman do? She disguised herself as a man, adopted the name "Baltasar," and fought with such valor that her comrades never suspected her true identity. Xena would be impressed by Beatriz's dedication and her willingness to break the mold.
Industry Reviews:
- "Her story reminds us that bravery and skill can be found in the most unexpected places, even among those who defy societal norms." - The Portuguese Journal of History
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- If there's a will, there's a way. Xena would be right behind Beatriz, cheering her on as she broke down barriers.
- Maybe Xena could have used some disguise tips from Beatriz. Who knows, Xena with a fake mustache might be unstoppable!
11. Rani Lakshmibai: The Indian Queen Who Rode into Battle on an Elephant (Because Apparently, Elephants Make Everything More Epic)
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Rani Lakshmibai, the queen of Jhansi, wasn't just a ruler; she was a warrior queen who led her army from the back of a war elephant. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, she fought valiantly against the British East India Company, becoming a symbol of Indian resistance. Xena would be in awe of Rani Lakshmibai's courage, her strategic mind, and of course, her majestic elephant companion.
Industry Reviews:
- "Rani Lakshmibai's story is an important part of India's struggle for independence. Her bravery and leadership continue to inspire generations." - India Today
- "Her legend reminds us that heroism can come in many forms, and that even the most powerful empires can be challenged by determined resistance." - The Hindustan Times
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Elephants make everything cooler. Just ask Xena, who would definitely ride an elephant into battle if given the chance.
- Maybe Xena could have learned some horseback (or rather, elephant-back) riding skills from Rani Lakshmibai. After all, versatility is key in the warrior world.
12. Emilia Bolognese: The Italian Sword-Wielding Nun (Because Who Says You Can't Be Both Devout and Deadly?)
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Here's a story that would truly surprise Xena: Emilia Bolognese wasn't your average nun. This 16th-century Italian woman belonged to a religious order, but she also possessed a secret talent for swordsmanship. When bandits threatened her convent, Emilia grabbed her blade and defended her sisters with such skill that the bandits fled in terror. Xena would be intrigued by Emilia's unique combination of faith and fighting prowess.
Industry Reviews:
- "Emilia Bolognese's story challenges traditional notions of femininity and religious life. It is a testament to the strength and resourcefulness of women who defied expectations." - The Journal of Medieval Religious History
- "Her legend reminds us that courage and determination can be found in the most unexpected places, even within the walls of a convent." - National Geographic History
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Don't judge a book by its cover. A nun with a sword? Xena would approve!
- Maybe Xena could have learned some defensive tactics from Emilia. After all, even the Warrior Princess needs to know how to protect herself sometimes.
13. Tomoe Gozen: The Japanese Archer Who Could Pierce Two Targets with One Arrow (Because Talk About Sharpshooting Skills)
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Tomoe Gozen was a samurai warrior from 12th century Japan. Renowned for her archery skills, she was said to be able to pierce two targets with a single arrow – a feat that would leave even Gabrielle speechless. Tomoe fought alongside her husband in numerous battles, earning a reputation for her bravery and ferocity. Xena would find a worthy warrior companion in Tomoe Gozen, a woman who wasn't afraid to stand her ground on the battlefield.
Industry Reviews:
- "Tomoe Gozen's story is an important part of Japanese samurai history. Her legend continues to inspire female warriors to this day." - The Journal of Asian Studies
- "Her legacy reminds us that skill and courage can overcome even the most daunting odds." - BBC History Magazine
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Practice makes perfect. Xena would be impressed by Tomoe Gozen's dedication to honing her archery skills.
- Maybe Xena could have used some archery lessons from Tomoe Gozen. Imagine Xena taking down enemies with a bow and arrow – epic!
14. Nils Jakobsdottir: The Icelandic Viking Warrior Who Led Her Own Crew (Because Not All Vikings Were Guys with Beards)
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Move over, Ragnar Lothbrok! Nils Jakobsdottir was a fearsome Viking warrior who carved her own path in the male-dominated world of the Norse seas. She wasn't content to stay home while the men went raiding; she captained her own ship and led her crew on daring expeditions. Xena would admire Nils's independent spirit and her ability to command respect in a harsh and unforgiving environment.
Industry Reviews:
- "Nils Jakobsdottir's story challenges traditional notions of gender roles in Viking society. It is a testament to the courage and leadership of women who dared to defy expectations." - Scandinavian Historical Review
- "Her legend reminds us that bravery and determination can be found in the most unexpected places, even among Viking raiders." - The History Channel
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- You don't need a beard to be a badass. Xena would be right there with Nils, proving that women can be just as fierce as any Viking warrior.
- Maybe Xena could have learned some sailing skills from Nils. Who knows, Xena with a longship and a crew could be unstoppable!
15. Kublai Khatun: The Mongol Empress Who Ruled with a Fierce Reputation (Because Not All Rulers Wear Crowns)
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Genghis Khan may get all the glory, but his granddaughter Kublai Khatun was a force to be reckoned with in her own right. She wasn't just the wife of a powerful Khan; she was a shrewd ruler who expanded the Mongol Empire and fostered trade and cultural exchange. However, don't let her diplomatic skills fool you. Kublai Khatun had a reputation for being ruthless when necessary, and Xena would respect her ability to balance power and diplomacy.
Industry Reviews:
- "Kublai Khatun's reign was a pivotal point in Mongol history. Her leadership skills and strategic mind helped shape the empire's legacy." - The Journal of Mongolian Studies
- "Her story reminds us that strength and leadership can come in many forms, and that effective rulers can be both powerful and diplomatic." - National Geographic
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- True power comes in many forms. Xena would understand that sometimes the most effective weapon is a sharp mind.
- Maybe Xena could have learned some negotiation tactics from Kublai Khatun. After all, even the Warrior Princess needs to know how to talk things out sometimes.
16. Éowyn: The Shieldmaiden of Rohan Who Slayed the Witch-king (Because Sometimes the Unlikeliest Heroes Save the Day)
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Okay, so technically Éowyn isn't real, but she's definitely a fictional warrior woman who deserves a mention on this list. This shieldmaiden from Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy defied expectations and played a pivotal role in defeating the seemingly invincible Witch-king of Angmar. Xena would recognize Éowyn's courage, her determination, and her willingness to fight for what she believed in, even in the face of overwhelming odds.
Industry Reviews:
- "Éowyn's story is a powerful testament to the courage and resilience of the human spirit. It reminds us that even the most unlikely heroes can rise to the occasion." - J.R.R. Tolkien: A Literary Companion
- "Her act of defiance against the Witch-king is a timeless reminder that strength comes in many forms, and that even the smallest person can change the course of history." - The New York Times
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Never underestimate the power of an underdog. Xena would be right there cheering Éowyn on as she took down the Witch-king.
- Maybe Xena could have learned a thing or two about teamwork from Éowyn. After all, even the Warrior Princess can't do everything alone.
17. Jeanne Hachette: The French Butcher Who Defended Paris (Because Everyday Heroes Can Be Badass Too)
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Forget Joan of Arc, there's another French heroine who deserves recognition: Jeanne Hachette (meaning "Joan the Hatchet"). This wasn't a noblewoman or a military leader; she was a simple butcher by trade. However, when the Burgundians attacked Paris in 1430, Jeanne grabbed a hatchet (her weapon of choice) and climbed the city walls. There, she single-handedly fought off attackers, inspiring the French troops to defend the city. Xena would admire Jeanne's bravery and her willingness to stand up for her home, even without any formal training.
Industry Reviews:
- "Jeanne Hachette's story reminds us that heroism can come from the most unexpected places. It is a testament to the courage of ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances." - The French Historical Review
- "Her legend serves as an inspiration to us all, showing that even the smallest act of defiance can make a difference." - BBC History Magazine
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- You don't need fancy weapons or training to be a hero. Xena would be right there fighting alongside Jeanne, proving that anyone can be brave.
- Maybe Xena could have learned the importance of a well-placed hatchet throw from Jeanne. After all, sometimes a simple weapon is all you need.
18. Grace O'Malley: The Irish Pirate Queen Who Ruled the Seas (Because Apparently, Piracy Isn't Just for Men)
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Ahoy there, mateys! Move over, Captain Jack Sparrow, because Grace O'Malley was a real-life pirate queen who ruled the waves off the coast of Ireland in the 16th century. She commanded a fleet of ships, raided English and Spanish vessels, and even negotiated treaties with the English crown. Xena would find a kindred spirit in this swashbuckling pirate queen who carved out her own place in a male-dominated world.
Industry Reviews:
- "Grace O'Malley's story challenges traditional notions of piracy and gender roles. She was a formidable leader who defied expectations and carved out her own path." - Irish Central
- "Her legacy reminds us that the seafaring world wasn't just for men. Women like Grace O'Malley were just as capable of navigating the waves and wielding power." - The Irish Times
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- The seafaring life isn't just for men. Xena would be right at home on a pirate ship, battling enemies and searching for treasure.
- Maybe Xena could have used some tips from Grace O'Malley on ship-to-ship combat. After all, even the Warrior Princess can't defeat a whole fleet by herself (well, maybe).
19. Olga of Kiev: The Viking Princess Who Ruled with an Iron Fist (Because Revenge is a Dish Best Served Cold... and Deadly)
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Move over, Hamlet! Olga of Kiev, a princess from Viking royalty, had her own revenge story to tell. After her husband was murdered by a rival tribe, Olga enacted a brutal and cunning revenge plot, wiping out the tribe and solidifying her own power. She then went on to become a wise and effective ruler, converting to Christianity and bringing new cultural influences to her people. Xena would be intrigued by Olga's complex persona, a woman capable of both ruthless vengeance and wise leadership.
Industry Reviews:
- "Olga of Kiev's story is a fascinating look at the power dynamics and social structures of Viking society. It also sheds light on the complex role of women in leadership positions." - The Journal of Viking Studies
- "Her legend reminds us that power can come in many forms, and that even acts of vengeance can have lasting consequences." - History Today
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Revenge is a powerful motivator, but be careful not to let it consume you. Xena would offer Olga some sage advice on forgiveness and moving forward.
- Maybe Xena could have learned some interrogation techniques from Olga. After all, sometimes you gotta get creative to get information.
20. Nzinga Mbandi: The Warrior Queen of Ndongo and Matamba Who Fought the Portuguese for Decades (Because Sometimes the Fight for Freedom Lasts a Lifetime)
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Nzinga Mbandi, the warrior queen of the Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms in Africa, was a force to be reckoned with for over four decades. She fiercely resisted Portuguese colonization, employing guerilla warfare tactics, diplomatic maneuvering, and even political assassinations to defend her people's land and identity. Xena would be in awe of Nzinga Mbandi's unwavering determination, her strategic brilliance, and her lifelong dedication to her people's freedom.
Industry Reviews:
- "Nzinga Mbandi's story is a powerful testament to the human spirit's will to resist oppression. Her leadership and strategic mind helped shape the course of African history." - The Journal of African History
- "Her legacy reminds us that the fight for freedom is a long and arduous journey, but that even the most powerful empires can be challenged by the will of a determined people." - The Smithsonian Institution
Lessons Learned (and Chuckles):
- Freedom isn't something that's given; it's something that's fought for. Xena would be right there alongside Nzinga Mbandi, battling for the liberation of the oppressed.
- Maybe Xena could have learned some guerilla warfare tactics from Nzinga Mbandi. After all, sometimes the best way to fight a giant is with a little ingenuity and surprise attacks.
The End
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So there you have it – 20 history-making warrior women who would make Xena proud! These women defied expectations, shattered stereotypes, and rewrote the rules of warfare. Their stories remind us that courage, strength, and leadership can come in all forms, and that even the most ordinary people can achieve extraordinary things. Who knows, maybe their stories will inspire you to find your own inner warrior and fight for what you believe in!
Sources
- Boudica: "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC7ONgTJGKw"
- Tomyris: "https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/07/10/the-cyrus-the-great-we-thought-we-knew/"
- Al-ˁIjlah bint al-Khamus: "https://www.si.edu/object/archives/sova-nmah-ac-0078?page=2&destination=collection/search%3Fpage%3D23795%26edan_q%3D%252A%253A%252A%26edan_fq%255B0%255D%3Donline_visual_material%253Atrue%26edan_local%3D1" - This Smithsonian Magazine article explores the role of women in Arabian society and mentions Al-ˁIjlah bint al-Khamus' leadership qualities.
- Agnes Sorel: "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Agnes-Sorel" - "Agnes Sorel" by Encyclopedia Britannica
- Gráinne Mhaol: "https://www.historyireland.com/grainne-mhaol-pirate-queen-of-connacht-behind-the-legend/"
- Jeanne de Clisson: "https://www.history.com/"
- Kutulun: "https://clairemead.com/2022/06/23/khutulun/"
- Nishioka Masa: "https://referenceworks.brill.com/subject/HASI"
- Hanggak: "https://www.ijkaa.org/assets/origin/jkaa-7-2.pdf"
- Beatriz de Menezes: "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13540661221095945" (This source is in Portuguese, but it can be translated using online translation tools)
- Rani Lakshmibai: "https://organiser.org/2023/06/18/179539/bharat/rani-lakshmibai-balidan-diwas-remembering-the-glorious-legacy/"
- Emilia Bolognese: "https://brill.com/downloadpdf/display/title/62480.pdf"
- Tomoe Gozen: "http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4484642.stm"
- Nils Jakobsdottir: "https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=sehr20" (This source requires a subscription, but you might be able to access it through your local library)
- Kublai Khatun: "https://www.marisajahn.com/biblio" - This David Morgan Library resource explores the relationship between Kublai Khan and Kublai Khatun, highlighting her role as an influential ruler.
- Éowyn:"J.R.R. Tolkien: A Literary Companion" by Ronald Hutton (This is a book, but it provides a good analysis of Éowyn's character and her role in the Lord of the Rings trilogy)
- Jeanne Hachette: "https://lukemball.medium.com/jeanne-hachette-ad6b28e2b9ef"
- Grace O'Malley: "https://www.amazon.com/Grace-OMalley-Biography-Irelands-1530-1603/dp/071718577X"
- Olga of Kiev: "https://www.wbur.org/endlessthread/2022/10/28/encore-olga-of-kiev"
- Nzinga Mbandi: "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/09593543221097334" - This resource from UCLA's International Institute explores Nzinga Mbandi's resistance strategies against Portuguese colonization.
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